reading "system simulation"
1. when the outcome of an activity can be described completely in terms of its input, the activity is said to be deterministic, while if the effects of the activity vary randomly over various possible outcomes, the activity is said to be stochastic.
2. systems such as the aircraft, in which the changes are predominantly smooth, are called continuous systems, while systems like the factory, in which changes are predominantly discontinuous, will be called discrete systems. There are also systems that are intrinsically continuous but information about them is only available at discrete points in time, these are called sampled-data systems.
3. One way of obtaining independt result is to repeat the simulation. Repeating the experiment with different random numbers for the same sample size n gives a set of independent determinations of the sample mean.
4. besides bach means, replication of runs, and regenerative techniques, time series analysis and spectral analysis are two other techniques to capture the autocorrelation characterisitcs among discrete events
4. To remove the initial bias, two general approaches can be taken to remove the bias: the system can be started in a more representative state than the empty state, or the first part of the simulation run can be ignored.
5. Another approach to the problem of establishing confidence intervals for simlation results does not rely upon replication, but uses a single long run, preferably with thee initial bias removed.
6. Frequently, the service time of a process is constant; but, where it varies stochastically, it must be described by a prob. function. If the service time is considered to be completely random, it may be represented by an exponential distribution, or a common situation is that, although the service time should be a constant, there are random fluctuations due to uncontrolled factors. The normal, or Gaussian, distribution is ofent used to represent the service time under these circumstances.
2. systems such as the aircraft, in which the changes are predominantly smooth, are called continuous systems, while systems like the factory, in which changes are predominantly discontinuous, will be called discrete systems. There are also systems that are intrinsically continuous but information about them is only available at discrete points in time, these are called sampled-data systems.
3. One way of obtaining independt result is to repeat the simulation. Repeating the experiment with different random numbers for the same sample size n gives a set of independent determinations of the sample mean.
4. besides bach means, replication of runs, and regenerative techniques, time series analysis and spectral analysis are two other techniques to capture the autocorrelation characterisitcs among discrete events
4. To remove the initial bias, two general approaches can be taken to remove the bias: the system can be started in a more representative state than the empty state, or the first part of the simulation run can be ignored.
5. Another approach to the problem of establishing confidence intervals for simlation results does not rely upon replication, but uses a single long run, preferably with thee initial bias removed.
6. Frequently, the service time of a process is constant; but, where it varies stochastically, it must be described by a prob. function. If the service time is considered to be completely random, it may be represented by an exponential distribution, or a common situation is that, although the service time should be a constant, there are random fluctuations due to uncontrolled factors. The normal, or Gaussian, distribution is ofent used to represent the service time under these circumstances.
posted by Q.Wang at 11:04 AM
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